前言
在这里我认为有必要提一下Brec Victor的Inventing on Principle,Swift编程环境的大部分概念都源自于Brec这个演讲。接下来进入正题。Swift是什么?Swift是苹果于WWDC 2014发布的编程语言,这里引用The Swift Programming Language的原话:
Swift is a new programming language for iOS and OS X apps that builds on the best of C and Objective-C, without the constraints of C compatibility.
Swift adopts safe programming patterns and adds modern features to make programming easier, more flexible and more fun.Swift’s clean slate, backed by the mature and much-loved Cocoa and Cocoa Touch frameworks, is an opportunity to imagine how software development works.Swift is the first industrial-quality systems programming language that is as expressive and enjoyable as a scripting language. |
简单的说:Swift用来写iOS和OS X程序。(估计也不会支持其它屌丝系统)Swift吸取了C和Objective-C的优点,且更加强大易用。Swift可以使用现有的Cocoa和Cocoa Touch框架。Swift兼具编译语言的高性能(Performance)和脚本语言的交互性(Interactive)。Swift语言概览基本概念注:这一节的代码源自The Swift Programming Language中的A Swift Tour。Hello, world类似于脚本语言,下面的代码即是一个完整的Swift程序。
- println(\"Hello, world\")
变量与常量Swift使用var声明变量,let声明常量。
- var myVariable = 42
- myVariable = 50
- let myConstant = 42
类型推导Swift支持类型推导(Type Inference),所以上面的代码不需指定类型,如果需要指定类型:
- let explicitDouble : Double = 70
Swift不支持隐式类型转换(Implicitly casting),所以下面的代码需要显式类型转换(Explicitly casting):
- let label = \"The width is \"
- let width = 94
- let width = label + String(width)
字符串格式化Swift使用(item)的形式进行字符串格式化:
- let apples = 3
- let oranges = 5
- let appleSummary = \"I have (apples) apples.\"
- let appleSummary = \"I have (apples + oranges) pieces of fruit.\"
数组和字典Swift使用[]操作符声明数组(array)和字典(dictionary):
- var shoppingList = [\"catfish\", \"water\", \"tulips\", \"blue paint\"]
- shoppingList[1] = \"bottle of water\"
- var occupations = [
- \"Malcolm\": \"Captain\",
- \"Kaylee\": \"Mechanic\",
- ]
- occupations[\"Jayne\"] = \"Public Relations\"
一般使用初始化器(initializer)语法创建空数组和空字典:
- let emptyArray = String[]()
- let emptyDictionary = Dictionary()
如果类型信息已知,则可以使用[]声明空数组,使用[:]声明空字典。控制流概览Swift的条件语句包含if和switch,循环语句包含for-in、for、while和do-while,循环/判断条件不需要括号,但循环/判断体(body)必需括号:
- let individualScores = [75, 43, 103, 87, 12]
- var teamScore = 0
- for score in individualScores {
- if score > 50 {
- teamScore += 3
- } else {
- teamScore += 1
- }
- }
可空类型结合if和let,可以方便的处理可空变量(nullable variable)。对于空值,需要在类型声明后添加?显式标明该类型可空。
- var optionalString: String? = \"Hello\"
- optionalString == nil
- var optionalName: String? = \"John Appleseed\"
- var gretting = \"Hello!\"
- if let name = optionalName {
- gretting = \"Hello, (name)\"
- }
灵活的switchSwift中的switch支持各种各样的比较操作:
- let vegetable = \"red pepper\"
- switch vegetable {
- case \"celery\":
- let vegetableComment = \"Add some raisins and make ants on a log.\"
- case \"cucumber\", \"watercress\":
- let vegetableComment = \"That would make a good tea sandwich.\"
- case let x where x.hasSuffix(\"pepper\"):
- let vegetableComment = \"Is it a spicy (x)?\"
- default:
- let vegetableComment = \"Everything tastes good in soup.\"
- }
其它循环for-in除了遍历数组也可以用来遍历字典:
- let interestingNumbers = [
- \"Prime\": [2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13],
- \"Fibonacci\": [1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8],
- \"Square\": [1, 4, 9, 16, 25],
- ]
- var largest = 0
- for (kind, numbers) in interestingNumbers {
- for number in numbers {
- if number > largest {
- largest = number
- }
- }
- }
- largest
while循环和do-while循环:
- var n = 2
- while n < 100 {
- n = n * 2
- }
- n
- var m = 2
- do {
- m = m * 2
- } while m < 100
- m
Swift支持传统的for循环,此外也可以通过结合..(生成一个区间)和for-in实现同样的逻辑。
- var firstForLoop = 0
- for i in 0..3 {
- firstForLoop += i
- }
- firstForLoop
- var secondForLoop = 0
- for var i = 0; i < 3; ++i {
- secondForLoop += 1
- }
- secondForLoop
注意:Swift除了..还有…:..生成前闭后开的区间,而…生成前闭后闭的区间。函数和闭包函数Swift使用func关键字声明函数:
- func greet(name: String, day: String) -> String {
- return \"Hello (name), today is (day).\"
- }
- greet(\"Bob\", \"Tuesday\")
通过元组(Tuple)返回多个值:
- func getGasPrices() -> (Double, Double, Double) {
- return (3.59, 3.69, 3.79)
- }
- getGasPrices()
支持带有变长参数的函数:
- func sumOf(numbers: Int...) -> Int {
- var sum = 0
- for number in numbers {
- sum += number
- }
- return sum
- }
- sumOf()
- sumOf(42, 597, 12)
函数也可以嵌套函数:
- func returnFifteen() -> Int {
- var y = 10
- func add() {
- y += 5
- }
- add()
- return y
- }
- returnFifteen()
作为头等对象,函数既可以作为返回值,也可以作为参数传递:
- func makeIncrementer() -> (Int -> Int) {
- func addOne(number: Int) -> Int {
- return 1 + number
- }
- return addOne
- }
- var increment = makeIncrementer()
- increment(7)
- func hasAnyMatches(list: Int[], condition: Int -> Bool) -> Bool {
- for item in list {
- if condition(item) {
- return true
- }
- }
- return false
- }
- func lessThanTen(number: Int) -> Bool {
- return number < 10
- }
- var numbers = [20, 19, 7, 12]
- hasAnyMatches(numbers, lessThanTen)
闭包本质来说,函数是特殊的闭包,Swift中可以利用{}声明匿名闭包:
- numbers.map({
- (number: Int) -> Int in
- let result = 3 * number
- return result
- })
当闭包的类型已知时,可以使用下面的简化写法:
- numbers.map({ number in 3 * number })
此外还可以通过参数的位置来使用参数,当函数最后一个参数是闭包时,可以使用下面的语法:
- sort([1, 5, 3, 12, 2]) { $0 > $1 }
类和对象创建和使用类Swift使用class创建一个类,类可以包含字段和方法:
- class Shape {
- var numberOfSides = 0
- func simpleDescription() -> String {
- return \"A shape with (numberOfSides) sides.\"
- }
- }
创建Shape类的实例,并调用其字段和方法。
- var shape = Shape()
- shape.numberOfSides = 7
- var shapeDescription = shape.simpleDescription()
通过init构建对象,既可以使用self显式引用成员字段(name),也可以隐式引用(numberOfSides)。
- class NamedShape {
- var numberOfSides: Int = 0
- var name: String
- init(name: String) {
- self.name = name
- }
- func simpleDescription() -> String {
- return \"A shape with (numberOfSides) sides.\"
- }
- }
使用deinit进行清理工作。继承和多态Swift支持继承和多态(override父类方法):
- class Square: NamedShape {
- var sideLength: Double
- init(sideLength: Double, name: String) {
- self.sideLength = sideLength
- super.init(name: name)
- numberOfSides = 4
- }
- func area() -> Double {
- return sideLength * sideLength
- }
- override func simpleDescription() -> String {
- return \"A square with sides of length (sideLength).\"
- }
- }
- let test = Square(sideLength: 5.2, name: \"my test square\")
- test.area()
- test.simpleDescription()
注意:如果这里的simpleDescription方法没有被标识为override,则会引发编译错误。属性为了简化代码,Swift引入了属性(property),见下面的perimeter字段:
- class EquilateralTriangle: NamedShape {
- var sideLength: Double = 0.0
- init(sideLength: Double, name: String) {
- self.sideLength = sideLength
- super.init(name: name)
- numberOfSides = 3
- }
- var perimeter: Double {
- get {
- return 3.0 * sideLength
- }
- set {
- sideLength = newValue / 3.0
- }
- }
- override func simpleDescription() -> String {
- return \"An equilateral triagle with sides of length (sideLength).\"
- }
- }
- var triangle = EquilateralTriangle(sideLength: 3.1, name: \"a triangle\")
- triangle.perimeter
- triangle.perimeter = 9.9
- triangle.sideLength
注意:赋值器(setter)中,接收的值被自动命名为newValue。willSet和didSetEquilateralTriangle的构造器进行了如下操作:1.为子类型的属性赋值。2.调用父类型的构造器。3.修改父类型的属性。如果不需要计算属性的值,但需要在赋值前后进行一些操作的话,使用willSet和didSet:
- class TriangleAndSquare {
- var triangle: EquilateralTriangle {
- willSet {
- square.sideLength = newValue.sideLength
- }
- }
- var square: Square {
- willSet {
- triangle.sideLength = newValue.sideLength
- }
- }
- init(size: Double, name: String) {
- square = Square(sideLength: size, name: name)
- triangle = EquilateralTriangle(sideLength: size, name: name)
- }
- }
- var triangleAndSquare = TriangleAndSquare(size: 10, name: \"another test shape\")
- triangleAndSquare.square.sideLength
- triangleAndSquare.square = Square(sideLength: 50, name: \"larger square\")
- triangleAndSquare.triangle.sideLength
从而保证triangle和square拥有相等的sideLength。调用方法Swift中,函数的参数名称只能在函数内部使用,但方法的参数名称除了在内部使用外还可以在外部使用(第一个参数除外),例如:
- class Counter {
- var count: Int = 0
- func incrementBy(amount: Int, numberOfTimes times: Int) {
- count += amount * times
- }
- }
- var counter = Counter()
- counter.incrementBy(2, numberOfTimes: 7)
注意Swift支持为方法参数取别名:在上面的代码里,numberOfTimes面向外部,times面向内部。?的另一种用途使用可空值时,?可以出现在方法、属性或下标前面。如果?前的值为nil,那么?后面的表达式会被忽略,而原表达式直接返回nil,例如:
- 1
- 2
- 3
- let optionalSquare: Square? = Square(sideLength: 2.5, name: \"optional
- square\")
- let sideLength = optionalSquare?.sideLength
当optionalSquare为nil时,sideLength属性调用会被忽略。枚举和结构枚举使用enum创建枚举——注意Swift的枚举可以关联方法:
- enum Rank: Int {
- case Ace = 1
- case Two, Three, Four, Five, Six, Seven, Eight, Nine, Ten
- case Jack, Queen, King
- func simpleDescription() -> String {
- switch self {
- case .Ace:
- return \"ace\"</f
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